Psycho-Socio-Criminological Analysis of Human Behavior: A Case Study 

Author/s : Aman Kumar Thakur, Research Officer, School of Behavioral Sciences and Forensic Investigations, Rashtriya Raksha University 

                 Dr. Mahesh A. Tripathi, Director (I/c), Associate Professor & Head, Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and   Forensic Investigations, Rashtriya Raksha University 

Abstract : Amidst a troubling rise in unexplained fatalities across India, the “Subramani Family Suicide Case” from 2005 resurfaces, shedding light on a past tragedy. The tragic suicide of five family members necessitates multifaceted exploration, examining the case from criminological, social, psychological, investigative, and legal perspectives. This case has brought the devastating impact of mental illness to light. One member of the family exhibited signs of a psychotic issue, raising questions about the complex family dynamics at play. This case highlights the role of mental health awareness and intervention. Early identification, treatment, and support for individuals with mental disorders is essential. Furthermore, society as a whole has a responsibility to create a supportive and understanding environment for those struggling with mental health issues. Multidisciplinary collaboration between mental health professionals, law enforcement, and the legal system can be a powerful tool for preventing similar tragedies. However, the lack of a thorough police investigation in this case underscores a critical failing. We must strive to build a more compassionate and supportive society that prioritizes mental health and wellness. Only by working towards such a society can such events be prevented. Details like the dates on a letter, suspected mental illness with alcohol addiction in one parent, and the taped mouth on a daughter all suggest this may be a case of mass suicide, not abetment to suicide. 

Keywords: Psycho-socio-criminological analysis, Mass suicide, Mental health, Psychotic, multidisciplinary 

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 21, January-March 2025, pp. 1-8

From Tragedy to Triumph: Innovating Safety Post World’s Worst Industrial Disaster

Author/s : Mr. Prithvi Raj, SRF Research Scholar (National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat)  

                  Ms. Divyaraj Sisodiya, M.A. Criminology and Crime Science, RRU 

Abstract : The industrial sector is a vital part of economic growth worldwide. It has brought rapid income development, job creation, and a boost to foreign exchange reserves, among other benefits. However, the rising number of industrial accidents due to human negligence has become a severe societal concern. Studies have shown that human error is the leading cause of catastrophic industrial accidents. The 1948 Factories Act defines industrial accidents as incidents in an industrial setting that render a person physically unfit to perform their job within the next 48 hours. One such incident that profoundly impacted India was the Bhopal Gas Tragedy of 1984, considered one of the worst industrial disasters in history. It occurred when a toxic gas leak from a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) in Bhopal resulted in the deaths of thousands of people and injuries to hundreds of thousands more.

This paper extensively analyzes the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, examining the numerous forms of human error that led to the disaster, including a lack of safety measures, inadequate maintenance, and operator error. The essay also discusses the factors that contributed to the event, such as insufficient regulations, a lack of corporate responsibility, and ineffective emergency response measures. Furthermore, this paper explores the difficulties associated with workplace accidents brought on by human error and highlights the opportunities that technological advancements offer in preventing such occurrences. It discusses how technological innovations such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and automation could help minimize human error and prevent industrial accidents. The paper will conclude by highlighting the need for more stringent and effective environmental laws, stronger accountability and liability mechanisms, and greater public awareness and participation in ensuring environmental justice and protection. The study is based on exploratory research and uses a case study method, with data collected through secondary sources.

Statistics show over 2.78 million work-related deaths worldwide in 2017, with approximately 374 million non-fatal injuries and illnesses. Most of these accidents were caused by human error. In addition, the financial cost of industrial accidents is substantial, with estimates suggesting that they cost the global economy around $3 trillion annually. In conclusion, industrial accidents caused by human error are a significant problem that requires urgent attention. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy is an important reminder of the catastrophic consequences of such accidents. It is essential to address the root causes of industrial accidents by implementing effective safety measures, regulations, and corporate social responsibility practices. Furthermore, technological innovations offer an opportunity to reduce the incidence of human error and prevent future industrial accidents. Investing in research and development is necessary to create advanced technologies that can enhance industrial safety and minimize the risks associated with human error.

Keywords: Industrial Incidents, negligence, technology, innovation, etc.

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 21, January-March 2025, pp. 14-22

Restructuring the Internal Security Framework of Mumbai Police: Post 26/11 Attacks

Author/s : Dr. Harshil Mehta, Research Officer, School of Criminal Law and Military Law, Rashtriya Raksha University 

Abstract : India is the world's second-most populous nation, with over a billion people distributed over 3.1 million square kilometres, the seventh-largest country in terms of area, and strategically located in the South Asian zone. India today is also becoming one of the world's fastest-growing economies, rapidly intertwined with global and regional political differences. Multi-cultural and the societal importance of multi-religion made the country unique in the world. India has witnessed major violent attacks on its land. Where extremism is a major impediment to national protection and a danger to the country's sovereignty, independence, harmony, and prosperity, which remains the known barrier to national development and secure life. Terrorism is emerging as one of the biggest concerns for global protection for all and everywhere India has been the prime victim of terrorism for many decades, due to its internal instabilities, and A particular study addresses with particular reference the state of Maharashtra and institutional preparedness of a 26/11 aftermath of Mumbai terror attacks. The Mumbai attack reflected a lack of precise planning, detailed recognition, and both physical and mental preparation.  

Keywords: Terrorism, National Security, Mumbai Terror Attacks, Internal Security

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 21, January-March 2025, pp. 29-32

Independent Tribunal System: A Core of Fair Justice

Author/s : Dr. Meenakshi, Assistant Professor, Jagran School of Law, Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 

Lokesh Chandra Kukreti, Research Scholar, Department of Law, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), B. Gopala Reddy Campus, Pauri, Uttarakhand

Abstract :  Independence is the base of any justice delivery body; without an independent body, fair and reasoned justice will not be possible. The principle of separation of power, democratic form of government, and welfare state concept demands a free and independent justice delivery system. The Indian Constitution makes a clear distinction that all three organs must be independent in their respective area given by the Constitution. The Constitution provides provisions for independence of the judiciary and from time to time the judiciary also has been expanding its scope. The present tribunal system is becoming a helping hand of the judiciary and providing justice to society. Tribunals are the specialized body that has been established to deliver justice in a special matter, which is assigned to it by the act of the legislature. It thus becomes important that this body be independent and free from interference from other organs. Independence is important to build public trust and faith in the judicial system as well as in the tribunal system. In India, tribunals are mainly incorporated for the delivery of technical justice in administrative matters and other specific matters assigned to it by the relevant statute. This system is helpful to ease the burden of our judicial system. A recent trend shows that the judiciary is concerned about the Independence of tribunals. As tribunals are quasi-judicial bodies, it is the duty of the legislature not to exclude the powers of tribunals which are important for the independence of tribunals. Independence of tribunals includes the appointment of member & chairperson, conditions of service, composition of tribunals, and removal of members must be free from government interference. This paper shall focus on the importance of the Independence of tribunals and also examine the judicial trend regarding the development of independent tribunals system in country. For fulfillment of the purpose, the researcher shall investigate the other jurisdictions where tribunals are working as a justice delivery body.

Keywords: Appointment, Conditions of Service, Independence, Justice, The Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021. 

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 21, January-March 2025, pp. 38-47

Debris Mitigation in Outer Space: Assessing India's Technological Progress and Regulatory Framework  

Author/s : Rajesh Baboo, Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Law, Swami Ramteerath Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal (Central University), Uttarakhand, India 

  Dr. Mamta Rana, Associate Professor (Head of Department), Department of Law, Swami Ramteerath Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal (Central University), Uttarakhand, India

Abstract : The rapid proliferation of extraterrestrial endeavors has engendered an unparalleled aggregation of orbital detritus, thereby presenting substantial hazards to both functioning satellites and prospective exploratory missions. This research article examines India's strategy for space debris mitigation, focusing on technological advancements and policy frameworks in relation to global space law. It investigates the effectiveness of India's efforts in space debris mitigation (SDM) and their alignment with international best practices. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study combines qualitative analysis of policy documents and legal frameworks with a quantitative assessment of India's technological capabilities. This includes a comprehensive literature review, analysis of official documents, and case studies of specific Indian space missions. Findings reveal that India has made significant advancements in space situational awareness and debris tracking technologies, including the development of the Multi-Object Tracking Radar (MOTR) and the Network for Space Objects Tracking and Analysis (NETRA) project. However, the country faces challenges in implementing comprehensive debris mitigation strategies due to economic constraints and the absence of a dedicated national space law. The study concludes that while India's efforts generally align with international guidelines, there is room for improvement in areas such as active debris removal technologies and strengthening the national policy framework. Recommendations include prioritising investments in advanced debris tracking systems, developing indigenous active debris removal capabilities, and establishing robust enforcement mechanisms through updated national space legal framework.

Keywords: Space Debris Mitigation (SDM), Indian Space Policy, Global Space Law, Space Situational Awareness, Sustainable Space Operations

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 21, January-March 2025, pp. 56-62 

Cyber Sextortion in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Legal Analysis

Author/s : Subhash Rawat, PhD. Research Scholar, Department of Law, Swami Ramteerath Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal (Central University), Uttarakhand 

 Dr. Mamta Rana, Associate Professor (Head of Department), Department of Law, Swami Ramteerath Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal (Central University), Uttarakhand

Abstract : This comprehensive research investigates the intricate relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and cyber sextortion, examining its evolution in the digital landscape and its dual impact as both a threat amplifier and a preventive tool. The study addresses the critical research problem of escalating AI-enabled cyber sextortion cases, which poses unprecedented challenges for law enforcement and policymakers globally. Through qualitative analysis of existing literature, case studies, and legal frameworks across multiple jurisdictions, this research explores how AI technologies-particularly deepfake, voice cloning, and automated targeting algorithms-have transformed cybercrime dynamics. The study’s primary objectives include analyzing AI’s dual role, evaluating existing legal frameworks, and proposing comprehensive solutions for prevention and victim support. Key research questions examine AI’s facilitation and combat of cyber sextortion, gaps in international legal frameworks, and effective AI leveraging for prevention. The findings reveal significant challenges in jurisdictional coordination and technological adaptation, while highlighting promising developments in AI-powered detection systems and victim support mechanisms. This research contributes to the existing literature by proposing integrated solutions combining legal reforms, technological innovations, and international cooperation.

Keywords: Cyber Sextortion, Artificial Intelligence, AI-Powered Crime, International Cybercrime Law, Victim Support System

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 21, January-March 2025, pp. 69-76

Irony of Deepfakes: Conundrum of Creativity and Intellectual Property

Author/s : Pooja Dharamshaktu, Junior Research Fellow, Department of Law, Swami Ramteerath Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal (Central University), Uttarakhand, India 

 Dr. Mamta Rana, Associate Professor (Head of Department), Department of Law, Swami Ramteerath Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal (Central University), Uttarakhand, India

Abstract : The advent of artificial intelligence has revolutionised the world in every sphere. There is no realm of law where it does not hold its command now. The AI is also evolving which has led to the development of Machine Learning techniques, that has in turn led to creation of deepfakes. Deepfakes are highly realistic synthetic data that can be in the form of videos or audios or images. The technology uses machine learning algorithms to generate synthetic media which be in any form, video, audio or image. They create digital impersonations and manipulative reality. In videos, deepfakes are digital content where one person’s face is substituted with a computer-generated face and is then accompanied by a digitally replicated voice. It can be called manipulated fake content that can be used by merging, replacing, combining, and superimposing many images, videos or audio. There are ambivalent uses of deepfakes. This technology is a boon for medical sector, educational institutes, government schemes, artists etc. But it can also be a curse for women, children, copyright violations etc. Unfortunately, this technology, mostly, is being in use for the wrong reasons. From harassing women to shifting the course of elections of nations, this technology has been in news for a couple of years now. However, this research paper is about how deepfakes technology is affecting intellectual property rights. There is an enigma of deepfake technology with respect to intellectual property’s law that is leading to ambiguity and vacuum in the legal sphere. This paper seeks to explore the legal conundrum, concerning deepfake technology, to balance the competing interests of artists and the holders of the rights of intellectual property.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Copyright, Deepfakes, Intellectual Property Rights and Machine Learning

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 21, January-March 2025, pp. 92-98 

The View from the Frontlines: Medical Practitioners’ Perspectives on the Legal and Ethical Challenges of Human Gene Editing

Author/s : Ms. Garima Dharamshaktu, Junior Research Fellow, Department of Law, SRT Campus, HNB Garhwal (Central) University

 Dr. Vishal Guleria, Assistant Professor, Department of Law, SRT Campus, HNB Garhwal (Central) University

Abstract : Recent advancements in human gene‐editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, offer remarkable potential for therapeutic innovation while simultaneously introducing complex legal and ethical dilemmas. This paper examines the perspectives of Indian medical practitioners regarding the clinical application, oversight, and governance of gene editing. Based on an anonymous survey conducted among 22 practitioners from various healthcare settings across India, the analysis indicates that a significant proportion (40.91%) describe themselves as “aware but not well‐informed” about gene‐editing, with only 18.18% considering themselves highly knowledgeable. Nearly half of the respondents (45.45%) reported encountering clinical situations in which gene editing could have been beneficial. Furthermore, an overwhelming 81.82% support gene‐editing therapies when the decision is entrusted to patients and their families. Scientific evidence underpins the opinions of 77.27% of respondents, while personal beliefs shape the views of the remaining 22.73%. Given that medical practitioners are often the first point of contact for patients, their individual opinions can significantly influence the accessibility of gene‐editing technologies, potentially leading to non‐uniform implementation across the healthcare system. These findings have profound legal implications, emphasising the urgent need for a robust regulatory framework that not only fosters innovation but also ensures safety, equity and ethical accountability. This paper contributes to the broader debate on gene‐editing oversight by advocating for a dynamic, multi‐stakeholder regulatory model that integrates input from clinicians, legal experts, policymakers and community representatives to ensure fair and consistent access to advanced gene‐editing therapies.

Keywords: Ethics, Gene editing, Legal regulation, Medical law, Medical practitioners

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 21, January-March 2025, pp. 104-110 

Human Rights Perspectives on Necrophilia and the Legal Status of Corpses

Author/s : Surya Prakash Maurya, Research Scholar, Department of Law, SRT Campus, HNB Garhwal (Central) University

 Dr. Himani Bisht, Assistant Professor, Department of Law, SRT Campus, HNB Garhwal (Central) University

Abstract : The legal status and rights of dead persons remain a complex and often overlooked aspect of human rights discourse. This research paper examines the concept of a dead person from medical, legal, and cultural perspectives and explores whether the deceased have rights that must be protected. A key focus of this study is the crime of necrophilia, which violates the dignity of the dead and exposes gaps in the existing legal framework. Despite being a grave offense, necrophilia is not explicitly criminalized in many jurisdictions, including India, leading to challenges in prosecuting offenders. The primary objective of this paper is to highlight the need for legal recognition of the dignity and rights of the deceased and advocate for the criminalization of necrophilia. Through a comparative legal analysis, the study examines how different countries address offenses against dead bodies, providing insights into best practices that can inform legal reforms in India. This research adopts a doctrinal methodology, relying on statutes, case laws, legal literature, and human rights frameworks to analyze the issue. By bridging the gap between human rights principles and criminal law, this paper argues for stronger legal protections to uphold the dignity of the dead and prevent the heinous crime of necrophilia.

Keywords: Criminalization, Dignity, Dead, Human Rights, Legal, Corpses, Necrophilia

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 21, January-March 2025, pp. 117-124