Radicalization via Social-Media: A fertile space for insurgency and radicalization of Kashmiri youth

Author/s : Aashish Kumar Tyagi, Clinical Psychologist, School of Behavioural Science and Forensic Investigation, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar

Abstract : The global information landscape has been fundamentally transformed by the unprecedented proliferation of social media platforms, emerged as one of the instrumental capabilities in shaping public opinion, tweaking societal perspectives and influencing political dynamics. Evidence of social media’s potential can be observed and realized at global level such as in catalyzing the political instability in Nepal to Australia’s legislation in implementing testing ground for a social media’s restrictions for young people after realizing the adverse effects on wellbeing and so on. These instances collectively affirm the recognition of social media’s arduous influence at national and international level policies. 

If we consider the Indian scenario according to the report of Global Digital Insights published in 2025 India homes to 491 million active social media users which constitutes almost one third of the total population of country with the growth of 6.3% in social media use over the last year. While advocating the connectivity and democratizing information access, this kind of steep digital penetration alongside creates vulnerabilities that adversarial elements strategically exploit for the purpose of destabilization. 

This research paper explores a comprehensive approach to understand the multifaceted role of social media in the process of radicalization with specific focus on the Kashmir, India. This paper will explore the mechanism how social media platforms facilitates and accelerates the trajectories to radicalization of youth, along with the conceptual understand of its potential space as operation theater in hybrid militancy and the modus operandi executed by the adversarial forces to target the probable preys. 

Keywords: Hybrid Insurgency, Digital Warfare, Kashmir Youth, Social Media Radicalization, Online Extremism

Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 1, Issue 25, January-March 2026, pp. 01-04

Protection of Environmental Challenges and Future Perspectives for Sustainable Growth

Author/s : Dr. Mohd Saleem, Associate Professor, School of Law, Presidency University, Bangalore 

  Abdullah Gazali, Assistant Professor, School of Law, Presidency University, Bangalore 

Abstract : The gradual deterioration of the natural surrounding and consumption of resources in the age of technology is easy to analyses and record the natural devastation. It is witness that the global changes are continuing in atmospheric conditions and resulting the loss of the ecosystem. The deterioration of environment has been at alarming stage at worldwide in twenty-five years last. The continuing war between the nations impacted natural ecology and destruction of the urban colonies and industrial establishment are the major concern for sustainable use of the natural resources. It has been observed that volatile environmental condition such as heavy rain, flood and high tide has alarming and continuing and affecting the food chain ecosystem worldwide. The paper discusses the doctrinal and qualitative analysis of the activities resulting the damages and consequences of the natural surroundings. It also examines the dynamics of water sources, rivers, and strategies employed in flood plain and catchment area management for the growth.

Keywords: Human rights, Environmental deterioration, Damages, Global climate change, Atmospheric conditions and Hazardous Risk.

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 25, January-March 2026, pp. 16-21

Tradition in Transition: Changing Religious Practices in Baliana, Himachal Pradesh

Author/s : Dr. Kalyani Sahal, Teaching Assistant, Department of Anthropology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh

                 Dr. Dibyajyoti Das, Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh

Abstract : This paper examines the religious beliefs and practices in Baliana, a village in Himachal Pradesh, through an anthropological lens. Traditionally embedded in localized cosmologies centred on village deities, ancestral worship, ritual specialists, and sacred landscapes, religious life in Baliana has historically structured social relations, moral order, and collective identity. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork that includes participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and the documentation of religious practices, the study explores how these religious traditions are being reinterpreted and reshaped in response to social change of modernization. The study highlights how villagers actively negotiate between inherited traditions and contemporary realities, rather than simply abandoning or preserving them. By foregrounding religion as a lived and adaptive practice, this paper contributes to broader anthropological debates on tradition, continuity, and change in Himalayan societies. It argues that religious transformation in Baliana is best understood not as a rupture with the past, but as an ongoing process of cultural reconfiguration shaped by both local agency and external influences.

Keywords: Tradition and Change; Ritual Practices; Village Deities; Himalayan Anthropology; Religious Transformation

Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 1, Issue 25, January-March 2026, pp.29-36

Gendered Patterns of Electoral Representation in the 2022 Municipal Corporation of Delhi Elections: An Analysis Based on Reservation Category

Author/s : Ritu Rani, Research Student, Vasantrao Naik Institute of Arts & Social Sciences, Nagpur University

Abstract :  The 2022 Municipal Corporation of Delhi elections provide a context to examine gender distribution within a revised governance structure. This study evaluates women’s representation across four seat types: Reserved (Women), Reserved (Scheduled Caste-Women), Non-Reserved (Scheduled Caste), and Non-Reserved (General), utilising data from a Right to Information (RTI) response by the Delhi State Election Commission. Women occupied 53.60 per cent of seats, predominantly in reserved categories: 104 Reserved (Women) and 21 Reserved (Scheduled Caste-Women), but only 1 Non-Reserved (Scheduled Caste) and 8 Non-Reserved (General) seats. The findings indicate that reservations constitute the primary pathway for women’s entry, while institutional barriers remain significant in unreserved seats. The study underscores the necessity for enhanced political support to increase women’s participation in competitive elections.

Keywords: City-governance, Right to Information, women councillors, Delhi municipal elections, gender representation, reserved seats, and unreserved seats.

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 25, January-March 2026, pp.46-48

Understanding Inclusive Educational Practices in MCD Schools: A Qualitative Inquiry

Author/s : Ayushi Kiran, Research Scholar, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, India 

Abstract : There is a remarkable shift in the pedagogic discourse covering education policy and practice in India, specifically providing good quality education to students and need to improve their learning outcomes. Even, in today’s era, it is still a persisting problem that Children with Special Needs have dismally low foundational learning levels across India.  The work of government is only left to implement new policies and run national as well as state-level intervention programmes in order to improve the learning levels of the students on papers. This paper ascertained the major challenges that still persist in municipal corporations of Delhi (MCD) schools in south Delhi. This study also examines the subjective perceptions of teachers, special educators, parents and general students (non-disabled) regarding inclusive education for children with special needs. By analysing teachers’, special mentors’, general students’ (without special needs) and parents’ voices were thematically decoded their experiences, it presents a comprehensive understanding of inclusive education initiative and its impact on learning outcomes against the everyday ground realities of MCD schools in south Delhi. The findings of this study summarize the process, complexity, and overall dynamic nature of inclusive education for Children with Special Needs in MCD schools of south Delhi.

Keywords: Inclusive education, children with special needs, disabilities, educational policies, pedagogic impediments 

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 25, January-March 2026, pp. 58-66

Gender, Education and Employment Dynamics of Paniya Tribe: A Study in a Kerala Village 

Author/s : Muhammad Rishad K.P, Research Scholar, Department of Economics, The Gandhigram Rural Institute Deemed to be University, Tamil Nadu 

   Professor K. Manikandan, Department of Economics, The Gandhigram Rural Institute Deemed to be University, Tamil Nadu 

                   M. Priyadharshini, Research Scholar, Department of Economics, The Gandhigram Rural Institute Deemed to be University, Tamil Nadu

 Shaharshad C. T, Research Scholar, Department of Economics, The Gandhigram Rural Institute Deemed to be University, Tamil Nadu

 V. Reshma, Research Scholar, Department of Economics, The Gandhigram Rural Institute Deemed to be University, Tamil Nadu

Abstract : This paper investigates the relationship between gender, education, and employment within the Paniya tribe of Kerala. The data for this study were collected from 60 households (30 males and 30 females) through semi-structured questionnaire in a village of Kerala. The study examined the gender-wise educational and employment status, analyzing the data using Chi-square tests to determine any significant associations between gender and these variables. The findings indicate a significant gender disparity in both education and employment. The Chi-square test revealed a significant association between gender and education (p = 0.001), as well as between gender and employment (p = 0.000). Males were found to have higher education and employment rates compared to females, with the latter facing more barriers in both areas. The study concludes by recommending targeted interventions to address the gender imbalances and promote equal opportunities in education and employment for the Paniya tribe.

Keywords: Gender, Education, Employment, Tribes, Kerala

Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 1, Issue 25, January-March 2026, pp.75-81

From Conservation to Governance: The Evolving Role of Marine Protected Areas in Global Ocean Law

Author/s : Dr. Sushil Goswami, Assistant Professor of Law, Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat

Abstract : Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have evolved into one of the most significant initiatives to deal with the growing ecological crisis in the world's oceans. Originally intended as conservation instruments to shield fragile environments from human-induced effects, MPAs now assume a significantly more complex and ambitious function within international ocean law. MPAs have evolved into instruments through which states and international institutions structure ocean space, coordinate fragmented regulatory regimes and give operational meaning to the primary obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

This transformational shift must be understood against the backdrop of profound changes in the use of oceans. The contemporary oceans are no longer characterised by regulatory vacuum but by competition and cumulative impacts. Mass level of industrial fishing, maritime transport, offshore energy development, seabed mining, marine scientific research, tourism and climate-related interventions increasingly overlap in the same marine spaces. In this context, governance challenges are no longer limited to preventing isolated environmental harm rather expanded to allocation of rights, responsibilities, risks and benefits across multiple users and jurisdictions. MPAs have therefore become complex in the context of marine environment.

This paper argues that MPAs have undergone a normative and functional shift from conservation approach to governance regimes. This shift is evident in treaty interpretation, judicial reasoning, regional institutional practices and recent treaty-making, particularly the 2023 Agreement under UNCLOS on the Conservation and Sustainable use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement). By analysing MPAs through the provisions of UNCLOS, international biodiversity law, jurisprudence of international courts, tribunals and State practice, the paper shows that MPAs now operate as dominant pillars of global ocean governance rather than peripheral conservation measures.

Keywords: Marine Protected Areas, Ocean Governance, Marine Environment

Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 1, Issue 25, January-March 2026, pp.88-96

The Macroeconomic Implications of Green Growth: Balancing Economic Expansion and Environmental Sustainability

Author/s : Dr. Gargi Basu, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Seth Anandram Jaipuria College 

Abstract : The global information landscape has been fundamentally transformed by the unprecedented proliferation of social media platforms, emerged as one of the instrumental capabilities in shaping public opinion, tweaking societal perspectives and influencing political dynamics. Evidence of social media’s potential can be observed and realized at global level such as in catalyzing the political instability in Nepal to Australia’s legislation in implementing testing ground for a social media’s restrictions for young people after realizing the adverse effects on wellbeing and so on. These instances collectively affirm the recognition of social media’s arduous influence at national and international level policies. 

Achieving sustainability requires the fundamental transformation of economic systems to prioritize environmental stewardship alongside growth objectives. This transformation entails the adoption of renewable energy sources, promotion of sustainable production methods, and encouragement of eco-friendly consumption patterns, all of which collectively drive structural economic changes. These shifts impact key macroeconomic variables, such as employment, investment, and production composition, necessitating the implementation of comprehensive policy frameworks to incentivize innovation and investment in clean technologies. Furthermore, fostering behavioural changes among consumers and producers is critical for ensuring the long- term viability of green growth. Integrating environmental considerations into economic decision- making processes helps balance the dual goals of economic expansion and ecological preservation, ultimately enhancing economic resilience when faced with environmental challenges.

The interplay between economic growth and environmental sustainability is both complex and bidirectional. While the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis primarily examines how economic development stages impact environmental degradation, there is a growing need to explore the reverse relationship: how environmental quality and sustainability initiatives influence economic growth trajectories. Understanding this two-way dynamic is essential for formulating policies that not only mitigate environmental harm but also stimulate inclusive and resilient economic developments. Recognizing that sustainable environmental practices can drive innovation, improve resource efficiency, and open new markets, policymakers can design strategies that leverage environmental goals as catalysts for economic progress, thereby ensuring that growth is both sustainable and equitable.

In this context, this study examines the impact of green growth on a country's macroeconomic stability. Utilizing secondary data from 19 countries, including the top ten countries on the Sustainable Development Index of 2024 and Southeast Asian countries, for the period from 2005 to 2021, a panel data analysis was conducted using R Studio. The Hausman test indicates that the Fixed Effects (FE) model is more appropriate. The FE model is employed to account for unobserved heterogeneity across cross-sectional units (such as countries, firms, or individuals) that may influence the dependent variable, but remain constant over time. This approach controls for all time-invariant characteristics, thereby isolating the effects of the variables that vary over time.

This study examined the relationship between renewable energy indicators and economic growth by employing renewable electricity output as a percentage of total output, renewable energy consumption as a percentage of total energy, CO2 emissions as a percentage change from 1990, and total CO2 emissions as independent variables. These variables were regressed on the annual growth rate of GDP. The results of the fixed-effects estimation indicate limited evidence of a robust within-country relationship between renewable energy indicators and economic growth. However, the positive coefficient of renewable energy consumption is consistent with the theoretical expectation that the transition to green energy would support long-term sustainable growth. The findings partially support the hypothesis that green transition can enhance growth, although its benefits may be more pronounced over the long term than in short-term within-country fluctuations.

Consequently, it is imperative for policymakers to promote increased adoption of renewable energy sources, invest in contemporary energy infrastructure, enhance storage systems, and improve transmission efficiency. Furthermore, integrating green growth strategies into national development plans, fostering technological innovation within the renewable energy sector, and facilitating international collaboration in sharing renewable technologies are essential measures.

Keywords: Macroeconomic stability, Green economy, Renewable energy, Panel data, Fixed Effect model

Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 1, Issue 25, January-March 2026, pp.108-115

Using Forensic Accounting to Study Financial Core of Narcotic Trafficking

Author/s :  Sonal Bansal, Student, MSc/MCom Forensic Accounting & Financial Investigations, Rashtriya Raksha University

                  Anshu Singh, Assistant Professor, Rashtriya Raksha University

Abstract : Drug and narcotic trafficking represent one of the most complex global criminal enterprises, which destroys public health, disrupts economic stability, and undermines national security. The paper investigates all aspects of drug trafficking which includes its international operations and Indian activities and the crucial function of forensic accounting in fighting this threat. Online trafficking combined with synthetic opioids and poly-drug abuse has led to fatalities and overdoses which exceed the older records. India faces unique challenges due to its porous borders with Myanmar and Pakistan. The nation receives meth and heroin through Golden Triangle & Golden Crescent routes which create national security threats from insurgent groups and their support of narco-terrorism. The increased use of synthetic drugs by youths serves as a warning that society is in dire need of better interventions as the recent published reports are indicative of rising youth addiction rates and increased synthetic drug seizures. Although the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1985) offers a strict legal framework, but judicial overload, coordination issues, and documentation errors make enforcement difficult. Systemic flaws still prevail despite large number of seizures by the Narcotics Control Bureau and affiliated agencies. Further, this article explains how forensic accounting emerges as a powerful investigative tool, and acts as a helping hand for law enforcement to identify illegal financial transactions, disrupt money laundering networks, and undermine the financial underpinnings of cartels. Forensic accountants improve law enforcement capabilities, bolster prosecutions, and support national and international efforts to combat drug trafficking by "following the money."

Keywords: Economic Stability, NDPS, National Security, Trafficking, Forensics, Investigations

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 25, January-March 2026, pp.121-127

A Start from the Beginning: Reintegration and Rehabilitation Programs of Prison Inmates in India

Author/s : Kunal, Student MA Criminology and Crime Science, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar

                  Dr. Upneet Lalli, Deputy Director, Institute of Correctional Administration (ICA), Chandigarh  

Abstract : Reintegration and rehabilitation of offenders into society are crucial components to a modern criminal justice system for minimising recidivism and maintaining peace and harmony in society. Legal provisions like Section 4 (f) of the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 stated about Punishments of criminal offenses and clearly mentioned that Community service could also be given as punishment to offenders and Sections 401 of the Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 mentioned Regarding “Order to release on probation of good conduct or after admonition” reflect an underlining focus on reformative action in India, while the Model Prison and Correctional Services Act, 2023, espouses systematic after-care and rehabilitation services. According to the recommendations made by the Mulla Commission (1980–83), this paper emphasis on major strategies like educational, religious, and vocational schemes for rehabilitating prisoners in a productive manner. These education schemes provide opportunities for young people and interested prisoners to continue their studies, vocational training makes them employable, and religious programs provide for inner change and emotional stability. Case studies at the state level of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Punjab reveal encouraging efforts towards bringing about such transformations. Despite these, factors such as inadequate financing, lack of trained staff, and deeply ingrained social stigma prevents the rehabilitation process of inmates. The article closes by acknowledging the need for system-changing solutions for the rehabilitation of offenders and their reintegration through judicial reform, increased investment, and community mobilisation to properly reorient released offenders to a kinder, safer community.

Keywords: Rehabilitation, Prison, Correctional, Institution, Reform

Issue & Page No. :  Vol. No. 1, Issue 25, January-March 2026, pp. 138-149

Women Petrol Bunk Workers in India: Navigating Gendered Occupational Challenges and Empowerment Opportunities

Author/s : J. Indirani, Assistant Professor, PG & Research Department of Economics, Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College, Tiruchirappalli

Abstract : This paper explores the experiences of women petrol bunk workers in India, a workforce segment traditionally dominated by men. It examines the gendered occupational challenges these women face, including workplace discrimination, safety risks from hazardous chemical exposure, physically demanding tasks, and the lack of gender-sensitive infrastructure. The study highlights the compounded psychosocial stress arising from harassment and limited support systems, alongside physiological vulnerabilities leading to higher incidences of musculoskeletal injuries and occupational allergies. Economic insecurity due to informal and contractual employment further restricts their career growth and financial independence. Despite these challenges, women’s participation in this sector offers pathways to empowerment and social visibility, challenging entrenched gender norms. The paper calls for comprehensive policy interventions encompassing inclusive hiring, occupational health and safety reforms, harassment prevention, flexible work arrangements, and societal-level initiatives to dismantle patriarchal barriers, thereby promoting gender justice and labor market inclusivity in India.

Keywords: Women petrol bunk workers, gendered occupational challenges, workplace safety, chemical exposure, informal employment, economic empowerment, gender norms, occupational health, India

Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 1, Issue 25, January-March 2026, pp.160-163 

From Stadiums to Screens: Sport Communication in the Age of Viral Media

Author/s : Mahera Imam, Research Scholar, Department of Women’s Studies, Khajamalai Campus, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu                  Prof N. Manimekalai, Director And Head (Retd), Department of Women’s Studies, Khajamalai Campus, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu

                Prof S. Suba, Professor, Department of Women’s Studies, Khajamalai Campus, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu

Abstract : Sport communication has radically changed in the digital age of convergence and viral media. Sport is no longer something that is played, mediated and consumed in stadiums or at a scheduled time on television, but through real-time social media feeds, algorithmic feeds and platforms of participation. The paper challenges the changing landscape of sports as spectacle and discourse during the platform capitalism and digital virality. Based on the models of media convergence (Jenkins, 2006), platform society (van Dijck et al., 2018), and attention economy (Davenport and Beck, 2001), it considers how global sports events are currently being ruled by not just federations, or broadcasters, but by algorithms, influencers, and transnational tech companies.

The paper examines how virality is transforming fandom, activism by athletes and sporting stories through a multidisciplinary prism of communication studies, cultural theory and political economy. It emphasizes how social media platforms, including Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and Tik Tok, have transformed visibility, identity and interaction. It is explained in the paper how the meme culture, hashtags, and real-time interaction with the users disrupt the traditional hierarchies of storytelling, providing the new ways of affective involvement but also increasing misinformation, trolling, and hyper-commercialization. The algorithmic construction of sporting publics and the emergence of so-called platformed fandoms are manifested by the empirical examples of the digital afterlives of an event such as FIFA World Cup, the Olympics, or viral athlete moments (Hutchins and Rowe, 2012).

The research also questions the ways in which the ideas of gender, race and nationalism are re-articulated in viral sport stories, which are both perpetuating dominant forms of power but also permitting counter-narratives of oppressed voices. This process of commodifying the personas of athlete, through influencer economies, and a greater importance of micro-moments over the results of the game, highlights the redefinition of sport as an infinite loop of shareable media fragments.

Finally, the paper proposes that sport communication in the digital age needs to be reconsidered radically, not as a change of media but as a massive rearrangement of attention, politics, and publics. It demands the normative agenda that will respond to the digital governance, rights of athletes, and democratic potentials of sporting discourse within a viral media ecosystem.

Keywords: Sport Communication, Platform Capitalism, Viral Media, Algorithms Visibility, Fan Culture, Athlete Activism, Digital Publics, Attention Economy

Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 1, Issue 25, January-March 2026, pp.170-178

Maharani Jind Kaur: A Feminist Icon in the Struggle Against Colonial and Patriarchal Power

Author/s : Dr. Narinder Pal, Assistant Professor (History), Himachal Pradesh National Law University, Shimla

Abstract : This paper will examine the life and legacy of Maharani Jind Kaur, through a feminist approach. She was a symbol of resistance against the British colonial domination and patriarchy. Her story and history have been distorted by British tales who called her manipulative and immoral in their letters and works. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Chandra Talpade Mohanty and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, this paper will look into the silencing of subaltern women in imperial discourse and critique of women in Third world in western feminist literature. This paper will also discuss Maharani in different roles of wife, widow, mother and as a regent. Her life challenges dominant narratives and offers a compelling case for rethinking historical resistance through feminist historiography. This work contributes to the ongoing effort to recover the experiences of powerful yet overlooked women in postcolonial history.

Keywords: Maharani Jind Kaur, Postcolonial Feminism, Subaltern Agency, Colonial Resistance, Feminist  Historiography, Intersectionality

Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 1, Issue 25, January-March 2026, pp. 186-193