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The Substratum Effect: Assessing Biometric Stability of Electronic Signatures and the Threshold of Reasonable Doubt in Forensic Admissibility
The Substratum Effect: Assessing Biometric Stability of Electronic Signatures and the Threshold of Reasonable Doubt in Forensic Admissibility
Author/s : Mr. Shakti Prakash, Research Scholar, School of Behavioural Sciences and Forensic Investigations, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gujarat &
Prof. (Dr.) J. R. Gaur, Lifetime Professor, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gujarat, India
Abstract : Electronic signatures are a key pillar of modern day legal and monetary transactions especially in regulatory systems like the eIDAS Regulation. However, there is still a question of the reliability of them in a forensic context due to variability caused by the device, and in this paper, this is known as the Substratum Effect. The current case study explores the possibility of whether device particularly artefact viz. scaling, verticalisation, terminal hooks and blunt terminations create enough varied occurrence to cause reasonable doubt in forensic signature authentication. One hundred and fifty electronic signature samples were gathered on three substrata, which were conventional paper, iPad with stylus input, and Samsung tablet with stylus input. This was done by a blind mock trial methodology in which the forensic document examiners (FDEs) attempted to detect signatures without knowing the substrate. The error rates, especially between iPad and Samsung device signatures, were then analysed. The findings demonstrate that there is statistically significant difference in signature morphology between digital devices with higher levels of misclassification of Samsung tablet samples. These results highlight essential issues as to the admissibility and reliability of Qualified Electronic Signatures (QES) in a forensic and legal setting.
Keywords: Handwriting analysis; Digital handwriting; Forensic document examination; Stylus-based writing; Writer identification; Handwriting characteristics
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 01-07
Moral Development of Children: Role of Family, School, and Constitutional Values in Contemporary India
Moral Development of Children: Role of Family, School, and Constitutional Values in Contemporary India
Author/s : Dr. Md. Shahnawaz, PGT- Political Science, KMMS, Darbhanga, Bihar
Abstract : Moral development is central to the formation of responsible citizens in democratic societies. In India, ethical formation must be understood not merely as a psychological process but as a constitutional imperative. This paper critically examines the role of family and school in shaping children’s moral development, situating the discussion within classical moral theory and contemporary Indian constitutional philosophy. Drawing upon Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Carol Gilligan, and socio-cultural perspectives, the paper integrates constitutional morality, Fundamental Duties, and the National Education Policy 2020 into a comprehensive framework. It argues that moral development requires coordinated engagement between family, school, and state institutions to cultivate empathy, justice, pluralism, and democratic citizenship in the twenty-first century.
Keywords: Keywords: Moral Development, Constitutional Morality, Family Socialization, NEP2020, RTE
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 08-11
The Indian Migration Experience: Historical Phases and Contemporary Global Trends
Author/s : Dr. Vivek Chandra Jha , Assistant Professor, P P Savani University, Surat &
Mr. Rahul Sharma, Assistant Professor, P P Savani University, Surat
Abstract : Any people or ethnic population forced to leave their traditional ethnic homelands, but they have the sense of belongings for their ancestral place is referred as Diaspora. The term firstly used by Greeks and Jewish in ancient term. Amongst contemporary diasporic formations, the Indian diaspora is one of the largest, most heterogeneous and oldest. Like the Jewish diaspora, it is distinguished by a capacity to retain cultural distinctiveness, collective memory and emotional connection with the homeland over long periods of time (Cohen, 2008). Unlike the Jewish experience, however, Indian diaspora did not evolve from a single experience of exile but has been created through many streams including trade contacts, spread of religion, colonial indentured/labour migration and post-colonial globalization. Through an exploration of these different streams, this paper presents the evolution of the Indian diaspora in three phases ancient and medieval, colonial and post-colonial and demonstrates that the Indian experience has been marked by simultaneous patterns of mobility and rootedness. Drawing upon processes of early civilizational encounters as well as patterns of coerced and contemporary professional labour migration, this paper shows how the Indian diaspora has come to play a significant transnational role on the world stage today. Processes of settlement, identity construction as well as issues confronting Overseas Indians and their role today will also be discussed.
Keywords: Diaspora, Migration, Culture, Colonial Power, Sea Campaign, Identity, Language, Tradition, Uniqueness etc
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 12-16
China’s Rare Earth Monopoly: Strategic Geopolitics, Trade Policies, and Global Power Shifts in the Technological Age
Author/s : Upasna Mishra, PhD Research Scholar, SYLFF Fellow, School of International Relations and Strategic Studies, Jadavpur University
Abstract : As the global demand for rare earth materials rises, driven by technological advancements and the shift to renewable energy, these resources have become central to China’s geopolitical and economic leverage. This paper examines the political economy of rare earth materials, focusing on how China’s control over extraction, trade, and distribution reshapes international power structures. The core research question is: How does China’s dominance in rare earth materials impact global power relations, particularly in terms of trade, resource control, and environmental considerations?
Using a comparative political economy framework, the study analyses China’s influence over rare earths in critical sectors like defence, technology, and green energy. China, which accounts for a major share of global production and processing capabilities, has strategically utilized its monopoly to strengthen its geopolitical and economic positions. The study explores how China’s export controls, quotas, and tariffs have impacted major economies like the United States, European Union, Japan and India, which are increasingly seeking to reduce dependency on Chinese rare earths through alternative supply chains and investment in domestic capabilities. This paper also analyses the geo-economics and geopolitics of REEs which provides both challenges and opportunities for India and how India could strengthen its position in the global order by addressing its supply chain vulnerabilities and capitalizing on its resource potential and contribute to a more resilient and equitable REE market.
This research employs a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative analysis of China’s policies with quantitative data on global production, export trends, and market dynamics. The focus is on how Chinese governmental policies, such as selective export restrictions and the development of state-owned enterprises, have intensified global competition and shaped the market for rare earth materials. Through this analysis, the paper highlights critical issues related to international collaboration, technological innovation, and sustainable development in the rare earth sector.
The findings suggest that future global policies must navigate China’s control over this essential resource while encouraging multilateral approaches to resource security. Balancing national interests with global stability and addressing environmental impacts will be pivotal as nations confront China’s substantial role in this strategic market.
Keywords: rare earth materials, political economy of resources, geopolitical leverage, China's resource monopoly, global power relations
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 17-25
The Invisible War: Economic Institutions and the Structural Transformation of Global Power during the Post-War Era (1945–1991)
Author/s : Dr. Aditi, Assistant Professor of History, School of Liberal Arts, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana &
Somya Aggarwal , (B.A. Hons Economics, School of Liberal Arts), Jyotiraditya Chauhan, B.A. Programme School of liberal Arts, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana.
Abstract : The Post War Era (1945–1991) is conventionally framed as a geopolitical and military confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. This paper advances the argument that the Post-War Era was an ‘invisible war’ fought through institutionalised economic mechanisms operating within competing ideological frameworks. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) embodied the institutionalisation of capitalist hegemony, while the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) represented the socialist alternative (Eichengreen, 2008; Gilpin, 1987).
Drawing on political economy and institutional theory, the study examines how these institutions functioned as instruments of economic governance, ideological dissemination, and systemic control. It also considers their impact on the Global South, the inequalities inherent in their structure and their institutional flexibility in maintaining Western institutional arrangements. The paper concludes that economic institutions were not ancillary to Post-War Era politics but rather the main battleground wherein global order was created and challenged, with lasting effects on modern international economic governance.
Keywords: Post-War Era, Bretton Woods, Institutional Power, IMF, World Bank, COMECON, Global Political Economy, Economic Hegemony, Global South
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 26-32
Enhancing Sustainability and Cultural Diplomacy through Collaborative Exchange of Natural History Collections among Museums
Author/s : Syed Mudassir Ali, Research Scholar, Department of Museology, Indian Institute of heritage, Noida, India
Abstract : Museums house enormous collections of natural history that represent the diversity of life on the planet and humanity's knowledge of nature. These collections are a repository of knowledge (Hooper-Greenhill, 1992) classified into schemes which date back centuries. In today's interconnected world, exchange of this knowledge in the form of international loans, joint exhibitions and collaborative research can both simultaneously further sustainability and cultural diplomacy. Experts point out that the field of cultural diplomacy is increasingly being employed to advance developmental and environmental goals while at the same time facing sustainability challenges of its own. (Faucher and Yu, 2025). Similarly, according to modern museum theory institutions are "well placed to promote the importance of sustainability" as well as passing on collections in good condition to future generations. This paper investigates the role of cross- border partnerships in the natural history in an attempt to reinforce both sustainability and international understanding.
Keywords: Sustainability, Natural History Collections, Cultural diplomacy, Environmental factors, Collaborative exchange
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 33-37
Agricultural Cooperatives and Rural Socio-Economic Development: Evidence from Haryana
Author/s : Jatin , Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana &
Dr. Bhupinder, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Government P.G. College for Women, Rohtak, Haryana
Abstract : Purpose: The goal of this study is to examine how Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies (PACS) in Haryana have changed institutionally and functionally during a two-decade period (2004-2024). With a focus on growth trends, credit efficiency, and the ongoing wave of digital transformation, it aims to understand how these grassroots institutions are evolving their roles in the rural economy and assess their potential as catalysts for the Viksit Bharat@2047 vision.
Methodology: Based on longitudinal secondary data from reliable institutional sources, such as NAFSCOB, the Statistical Abstract of Haryana, and the Ministry of Cooperation, the study employs an analytical and descriptive approach. Econometric techniques, such as the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) and Recovery Efficiency Ratios, were used to capture long-term financial and operational patterns across 710 functional societies, enabling a systematic evaluation of institutional performance over time.
Findings: The findings indicate that the cooperative sector is going through a stage of strategic institutional consolidation. Membership has consistently increased to 30.80 lakh, demonstrating a broader rural reach, even as the number of societies has slightly decreased (CAGR: -0.52%). Although credit advancement has expanded significantly, with a 7.94% CAGR, the industry still faces a chronic "repayment-lag," as overdues have increased to 8.66%. The 100% digitalization of PACS and the integration of 60.98% of societies as Common Service Centres (CSCS) are noteworthy achievements, nevertheless. Despite these successes, a glaring "diversification gap" persists in non-farm industries, especially in rural healthcare services, where adoption is only 0.56%.
Practical Implications: The report offers a strategy for 2024-2047 in response to these results, emphasising the conversion of conventional cooperatives into Multi-Purpose PACS (M-PACS) and promoting tighter integration with GeM-linked procurement systems. To ensure long-term institutional resilience, policymakers are recommended to encourage diversification into non-interest revenue streams while bolstering managerial ability and digital literacy.
Originality: This study provides an evidence-based framework for understanding how grassroots institutions might align with broader national development goals by offering a modern assessment of post-digitisation reforms in Haryana's cooperative sector. By doing this, it offers insights into how to position cooperatives as important forces behind inclusive rural change as India moves closer to its 2047 developmental milestones.
Keywords: PACS, Digital Transformation, Viksit Bharat@2047, Agricultural Credit, Rural Development.
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 38-46
Patterns and Determinants of Contraceptive Use in India: A Comparative Analysis of NFHS-4 and NFHS-5
Author/s : Srinibasa Sahoo, Faculty, State Institute for Rural Development & Panchayati Raj (SIRD&PR), PR & DW Department, Government of Odisha, India &
Ranjan Kumar Sahoo, Professor, Central University of Haryana, Haryana, India
Abstract : This study examines age-wise differentials and determinants of contraceptive use among married women in India using data from NFHS-4 (2015–16) and NFHS-5 (2019–21). The analysis integrates the statistical methods like descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and logistic regression models to assess the role of women’s empowerment and socio-economic factors across three age groups (15–24, 25–34, and 35–49 years).
The findings reveal a clear age gradient in contraceptive use, with higher prevalence among older women. Women’s empowerment, particularly decision-making autonomy in healthcare, household purchases, mobility, and financial matters, shows a strong and statistically significant association with contraceptive use. A statistical method, as Chi-square test results confirm that empowerment variables, along with husband’s education, wealth status, and women’s education, are significantly associated with contraceptive behaviour across all age groups.
Logistic regression results further indicate that empowered women are up to 30% more likely to use contraception, especially in younger age groups. Economic status exhibits a strong positive gradient, with women from richer households being 20% to over 70% more likely to adopt contraception. Similarly, primary and secondary education significantly increase contraceptive use, while higher education shows a mixed effect, possibly reflecting delayed fertility preferences. Husband’s education also plays a crucial role, enhancing the likelihood of contraceptive use across most categories.
In contrast, attitudes toward domestic violence demonstrate weak and inconsistent effects. Rural residence is associated with lower contraceptive use, particularly among younger women.
Overall, the study highlights that women’s empowerment and socio-economic factors are key drivers of contraceptive use in India, with stronger effects observed among younger and middle-aged women. Policy interventions should focus on enhancing women’s autonomy and improving socio-economic conditions to promote informed reproductive choices.
Keywords: Women’s empowerment; Contraceptive use; Decision-making power; Logistic regression; Chi-square test; NFHS-5(2019-21) & NFHS-4(2015-16)
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 47-59
National Green Tribunal and the Right to a Clean Environment: Legal and Constitutional Perspectives
Author/s : Priya Karmakar Das, Ph.D. Scholar, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University Jalgaon, Maharashtra &
Dr. Asha Rameshchandra Tiwari, Professor, N.T.V.S.'s Law College, Nandurbar , Affiliated under Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, Maharashtra
Abstract : This paper will discuss the role of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) in India in the constitutional protection of the clean environment. The environmental destruction in the environment is increasing on a day-to-day basis, and the demand for the environmental judicial bodies, such as the National Green Tribunal, to effectively solve the environmental conflict has become a necessity. Since the time it was set up through the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, NGT has been playing a significant role of implementing environmental laws as well as of adjudicating pollution disputes concerning the conservation and protection of the environment, including forests, natural resources such as air, water, soil, and so on, across urban to rural zones. In this paper, the constitutionality or legal validity of environmental protection is discussed with an emphasis on the right to a clean environment, through Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. The paper presents a discussion on whether NGT, as a tool in harmonisation of institutions, is effective and on a few high-profile judicial precedents and case studies, whether it is challenged by implementation in enforcement, availability of resources and overlapping jurisdiction. The paper is applicable in terms of legal and constitutional analysis because it balances the degree to which the NGT tries to facilitate the involvement of people in environmental justice and thus offers certain suggestions that can enhance the functionality, autonomy, and compliance of the systems by the tribunal. There are numerous literature reviews being done to analyse the impact of NGT on environmental governance through a combination of both legal document analysis and case studies, as well as a review of journals. The results present the necessity to optimise the creation of NGT in order to increase awareness and familiarity of the population with the environment.
Keywords: National Green Tribunal (NGT), constitutional right, judicial activism, sustainable development, environmental protection, public participation, environmental governance
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 60-65
Recalibrating Regionalism: India’s Renewed Foreign Policy Approach towards BIMSTEC
Author/s : Gitanjali Das, PhD. Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, Rama Devi Women’s University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India &
Naresh Kumar Behera, PhD. Research Scholar, Centre for South Asian Studies, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
Abstract : South Asia's regional cooperation is historically shaped by the idea of SAARC. India's declining relations with Pakistan stagnated the functioning of SAARC as a regional organisation. The decline of the SAARC framework positioned the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) to become a crucial forum for regional cooperation in South Asia. BIMSTEC promotes regional cooperation in South and Southeast Asia. In India's foreign policy framework, BIMSTEC has emerged as a key development in the absence of SAARC. Thus, this study analyses India's renewed foreign policy approach towards BIMSTEC. The study examines how the changing strategic, economic, and security developments in the region are driving India's reorientation. The decline of SAARC and the rise of BIMSTEC have boosted India's regional aspirations. Despite the rising enthusiasm, BIMSTEC encounters challenges such as institutional limitations, internal disparities, and inadequate resources. The article concludes that BIMSTEC is both an opportunity and a challenge for India's regional diplomacy. Also, it provides an opportunity to rethink regionalism in the region while addressing the strategic imperatives of a changing global order.
Keywords: BIMSTEC, South Asia, Regionalism, SAARC, Neighbourhood First, Foreign Policy
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 66-74
Employment Trends and Labour Force Dynamics in India: Drivers and Government Policy Implementation
Author/s : Preeti, Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, &
Vineeta Kaushik, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, PT. NRS Government College, Rohtak, Haryana
Abstract : The labour market in India is undergoing a substantial structural change, as seen by fluctuating employment trends and participation rates. By examining key metrics such as the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), the Worker Population Ratio (WPR), and the Unemployment Rate (UR), this study provides a comprehensive view of national labour force dynamics. The research shows a distinct rebound in workforce participation, with the national LFPR expanding from 49.8% in 2017–18 to 60.1% by 2023–24, based on data from Labour Bureau publications and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) reports.
The study employs a trend-based analytical method to determine the true size of employment in India rather than depending exclusively on traditional macroeconomic models. The study monitors the rise of India's working population over time by applying the WPR, which rose from 46.8% in 2017–18 to 58.2% in 2023–2024, to World Bank population estimates. The report also classifies several significant factors influencing these trends, including population growth, expected to reach roughly 1.45 billion in 2024; increases in educational attainment; and changes across several economic domains. The implementation and effectiveness of key government initiatives, such as MGNREGA and Skill India, in mitigating employment challenges are evaluated in a significant portion of the discussion. The results propose a conceptual understanding of the relationship between policy interventions and labour supply dynamics. The study summarises with practical, fact-based suggestions to encourage inclusive labour market participation and secure long-term, sustainable job creation.
Keywords: LFPR, Worker Population Ratio (WPR), Employment Trends, Labour Force Dynamics, Government Initiatives, India, Policy Implementation
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 75-84
Scrolling Through Atrocity: Genocide and Social Media
Author/s : Dr. Ruchika S Rathi, Assistant Professor of Political science, IIS University, Jaipur. Rajasthan. &
Vaishnavi Singh, Assistant Professor of Political science, JECRC University, Jaipur. Rajasthan
Abstract : Since the 1990s, genocide scholars have warned that modern communications can accelerate the reach and justifications of mass violence. The shift from state‐owned radio to worldwide, profit-based social media has increased both the magnitude and velocity of this prophecy. Sites engineered to create maximum engagement now algorithmically power hate speech, misinformation, and exterminatory calls to action, while providing perpetrators with new mechanisms for monitoring and intimidation. Meanwhile, the very same networks provide unparalleled amounts of open-source evidence, but their legal acceptability is still undermined.
This study follows the trajectory of media-facilitated atrocities from Rwanda's "radio machete" to Facebook-driven violence in Myanmar, TikTok disinformation in Ukraine, and algorithmic hate in Ethiopia. It examines the unique affordances of social sites that enable genocide, evaluates emerging responsibility measures, and suggests reforms based on international human rights law.
Keywords: Genocide, social media, hate speech, incitement, digital evidence, algorithms
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 85-91
Proscribed and Censored: The Vernacular Press and Construction of Anticolonial Narrative in India
Author/s : Prof. Hassan Imam, CAS, Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh &
Dr. Tausif Ahmad, CAS, Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Abstract : This paper seeks to examine how vernacular literature (Bengali) built a narrative against the colonial regime during the Indian national movement and created a sense of national identity among the Indians. A large number of posters, pamphlets, and leaflets in vernacular language came into circulation that highlighted the true nature of British rule in India while simultaneously arousing nationalist sentiments among the population. The purpose behind the publication of these literatures was obvious: they wanted to create national consciousness by uniting the Indian masses against colonial rule. The colonial government passed laws that prohibited the publication and distribution of such literature that were deemed to be seditious in nature.
Keywords: colonial India, vernacular press, proscribed literature, national movement, nationalism
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 92-100
Educational Aspirations and Challenges of Rural Youth: A Secondary Data Analysis of Young Women in Rural India
Author/s : Azam Nawaz, Research Scholar, Department of Social Work, Jamia Millia Islamia. New Delhi &
Dr. Habeebul Rahiman V.M., Associate Professor, Department of Social Work, Jamia Millia Islamia. New Delhi
Abstract : The present study focuses on rural areas, where women encounter several issues in pursuing educational aspirations. This paper explores the educational aspirations and the challenges faced by young women in the context of the rural India, with a main focus on those in the transition phase from secondary to higher education, which broadly corresponds to the youth age group in rural India due to the patriarchal nature of society in the context of gender norms, restricted access, and social perspectives on gender equality, which in turn affect their level of empowerment. The study also highlights the need to implement targeted literacy programs to address the specific needs of rural women. The research makes use of secondary data sources such as the National Sample Survey (NSS), Unified District Information System for Education (USDISE+), Census data, and educational records from various government sources and NGO reports to investigate the socio-cultural, economic, and institutional factors that influence the educational aspirations and achievement of girls. However, the findings show enrollment of girls has improved at the primary level, and significant gender gaps continue at secondary and higher levels of education.
Building on this analysis, the most recent "UDISE+ 2024–25 data reveals a notable quantitative shift, with total school enrolment reaching 246.93 million." In all educational levels, girls now show higher Gross Enrolment Ratios (GER) than boys, with a lead of 60.9% versus 56.2% at the higher secondary stage. However, India's drop to 131st in the 2025 Global Gender Gap Index contrasts with this statistical advancement, indicating that greater school attendance has not yet resulted in more widespread systemic equality. The results highlight that although access has improved but still the long-standing sociocultural and economic obstacles like early marriage and patriarchal norms prevent rural women from moving from basic education to long-term professional empowerment.
Keywords: Educational Aspirations; Rural Youth; Young Women; Gender Inequality; Rural India; Educational Barriers
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 101-110
School Administration and Indian Knowledge Traditions: A Study for Holistic Development in India
Author/s : Ghazala Khatoon, Research Scholar, Department of Teacher Training & Non Formal Education, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi &
Tisha Goswami, Research Scholar, Department of Teacher Training & Non Formal Education, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
Abstract : Indian Knowledge Traditions (IKT) offer a culturally grounded and holistic framework for rethinking contemporary educational practices in schools, particularly in the domain of school administration efforts for students’ development. In the context of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, there is a renewed emphasis on integrating indigenous knowledge traditions (IKT) to encourage sustainable, value-based, and contextually relevant education. This study examines the potential of IKT to inform and transform school administration by aligning institutional processes with culturally embedded principles of knowledge, ethics, and community engagement to encourage a holistic learning environment. The researchers adopted a survey-based research design, data were collected from principals and teachers across schools in India through a semi-structured questionnaire developed in Google Forms to analyse their perceptions of the integration of IKT into administrative practices. The study explores four key dimensions: the perceived relevance of IKT, its scope for institutional integration, the role of school administrators in facilitating such integration, and its contribution and evaluation of IKT in holistic development. The findings of the study indicated a great relevance and scope of IKT in school governance, highlighting its feasibility within existing institutional structures in the Indian schools but faced some challenges to implement IKT. With the help of school administrators instructions, in different subject areas are identifiable to integrate IKT for students learning and holistic development. The study concluded that respondents emphasised that IKT-informed administration can enhance effective training and that leadership can preserve and implement IKT-based administration to support students’ socio-emotional, ethical, and cultural development.
Keywords: Indian Knowledge Traditions (IKT), School, Administration, Holistic, Education
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 111-119
Adulteration and Frauds in the Contemporary Society
Author/s : Dr. Kanika Gaur, Assistant Professor, Chitkara School of Law, Chitkara University, Punjab, India &
Anshu Singh, Assistant Professor & PhD Research Scholar, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gujarat, India
Abstract : The contemporary society is badly suffering from the adulteration in foodstuffs, medicines, fuels and beverages. The members of the society are also the victims of the frauds in copyrights and trademarks, financial frauds, insurance frauds, hospital sector frauds and the frauds in educational institutions and the industries. There are sufficient manpower and resources to detect and check the adulteration and frauds, but, these illegal activities are prevailing with the help of criminal administration and criminal political nexuses. Further, prevailing corruption in the enforcement departments is helping the defaulters/criminals escape from the clutches of law. There are sufficient enacted laws in India to deal with the problems of adulteration and frauds, but, the enforcement of these laws more stringently is the need of the laws to get rid of adulteration and frauds in the contemporary Indian society. A brief account of the same has been presented in this paper.
Keywords: Adulteration, Frauds, Contemporary society, Copyrights, Trademarks
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 120-123
Understanding Trajectory of the Israel-Palestine Conflict and Failure of the Two-State Solution
Author/s : Ankit Kumar, Assistant Professor, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Abstract : The state of Israel was created in 1948 after Britain withdrew its mandate from Palestine, marking the formal beginning of the Israel-Palestine conflict. The land has been the core of the conflict between Arab and Jewish communities, preceding the formal founding of the state of Israel. The history of most intractable and protracted conflict in modern political history goes back to the last decade of nineteenth century when political Zionism was born, and the idea of having a separate Jewish state gained traction (Garfinkle 1991).
Resolution 181, also known as the Partition Plan, was enacted by the UN in November 1947 with the intention of dividing the British mandate of Palestine into Arab and Jewish territories, while placing Jerusalem under international mandate (UN 2022). Moment of reckoning came on May 14, 1948, when the Jewish leaders accepted the Resolution 181 and declared independence. The first Arab-Israeli War began in 1948 as a result of a struggle for territorial dominance. As Israel won the war in 1949, over 700,000 Palestinians were forced to flee their homes. After the war, Israel occupied 77 per cent of former Mandate Palestine (UN 2016). Over 20 percent of the region was under Jordan's administration, and Gaza Strip, which made only 1.3% of Palestine was placed under Egyptian control (Saleh 1990). This was followed by three major wars in 1956, 1967 and 1973, violent clashes with Palestine Liberation Groups and civil uprising.
The Israel-Palestine conflict has attracted both regional and global attention for a very long time, and despite multiple attempts at mediation, peace eludes the region. Against the backdrop of perennial violence, the paper seeks to analyse the evolution and trajectory of the conflict post-1948, and examine various attempts at conflict resolution.
Keywords: Trajectory, Israel-Palestine Conflict, Failure, Two-State Solution
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 124-129
Loneliness and Quality of Life during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Author/s : Dr. Mohammad Akmal Shah, Assistant Director & Assistant Professor, Rashtriya Raksha University, Jammu & Kashmir Campus.&
Chandra Uday Singh, Master’s in Forensic Psychology, School of Behavioural Sciences and Forensic Investigations (SBSFI), Rashtriya Raksha University (RRU), Lavad, Dahegam, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382305, India &
Dr. Mahesh A. Tripathi, Director & Associate Professor, Rashtriya Raksha University. Jammu and Kashmir Campus
Abstract : Numerous guidelines and safety measures were routine for people living during the pandemic. Since its name COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2020), guidelines such as social distancing received a lot of attention and were followed by practically all people in order to limit the potential threat of transmission. This raised the chance of being lonely as well as social disconnection and also lowering people's Quality of Life (QOL). The aim of this study was to explore loneliness and quality of life during the COVID-19 epidemic. The data was obtained both physically and through online platforms for tool dissemination and collection. The average age of the participants was 26.40±5.28, with 60 and 40% of male and female participation, respectively. Male and female participants exhibited significant differences in the physical health area of the WHOQOL-BREF, with mean and SD scores of 27.75±8.03 and 21.25±2.95, respectively. While significant differences were also observed in male (25.25±8.54) and female (19.06±5.53) respondents with a t-value of 2.75 in the psychological QOL domain. At the .01 level, both domains were found to be statistically significant. The UCLA Loneliness Scale yielded similar results, with a substantial difference between male and female groups. Hence it is important that detailed evaluations should be considered to assess variables like loneliness and QOL in COVID-19 related cases. Further, findings suggest that female population should be given priority in supportive interventions to reduce loneliness and improve QOL.
Keywords: loneliness, social distancing, QOL, COVID-19, pandemic
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 130-136
Integrating Gender Justice into Labour Rights: Advancing Economic Rights of Women Workers in India under the SDGs
Author/s : Dr. Mirza Juned Beg, Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Integral University, Lucknow
Abstract : In order to advance women’s economic rights, labour rights must be developed in order to accomplish gender justice for women in jobs of today’s modern economy in India. Many structural inequities exist that limit women’s rights to achieve: equal pay for their work; access to safe work conditions; and access to social security, although it is guaranteed by the Constitution of India through their rights of equality and dignity as citizens of India. Therefore, this study analyses the relationship between labour rights and gender justice under the SDGs, focusing specifically on the evaluation of the SDG 5 (Gender Equality) and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth). The findings will include a review of recent employment reforms including the Labour Codes and their effect on women’s treatment in the formal and informal labour markets.
The work identifies ongoing issues such as unequal pay between women and men; jobs that are segregated by gender; unpaid caregiving; migrant workers and gig workers’ issues of vulnerability. The paper supports adopting a human rights-based approach to promote gender-responsive labour governance (including institutions), to strengthen labour governance through inclusive policy interventions and provide a framework for achieving substantial equality in employment conditions. Furthermore, it promotes aligning domestic legislation related to employment with international standards to achieve gender equality so that women’s rights at work can be integrated into the SDGs and contribute toward developing an equitable and sustainable economy in India.
Keywords: Gender Justice; Labour Rights; Women Workers; Sustainable Development Goals; Economic Rights
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 137-142
Deepening Capital Markets for Sustainable Infrastructure Development in India: Advancing the Viksit Bharat 2047 Vision
Author/s : Gawde Vijay Maruti Subhadra, Vice Principal, Vidyalanakar School of Information Technology, Mumbai &
Mikhail Pravir Chopra, Assistant Professor, Vidyalanakar School of Information Technology, Mumbai
Abstract : The development of infrastructure is the key element of the long-term economic change in India for achievement of the Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. Bank lending and government funding have traditionally played a major role in financing infrastructure in India. However, it has created fiscal and balance sheet strain. This paper focuses on the increased use of capital market instruments, including Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs), Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), and Municipal Green Bonds, for long-term infrastructure financing. By analysing cases of Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC), renewable energy IPO, PowerGrid InvIT, Embassy Office Parks REIT, and Indore Municipal Green Bond, the paper determines how both equity and bond instruments reduce reliance on conventional bank financing and sovereign debt. The study also finds the structural issues of yield compression, regulatory asymmetry, the constraints of greenfield asset readiness, and less retail participation. Lastly, policy-driven solutions are suggested to enhance regulatory coherence, deepening of the retail markets, green field de-risking, and growth of the asset monetization pipeline.
Keywords: Infrastructure Financing, IPOs, InvIT, REIT, Municipal Bonds, Viksit Bharat 2047
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 143-149
Invisible Barriers: The Silent Persistence of Gender injustice in Modern Societies
Author/s : Dr. Sadaf Khan , Associate Professor (History), Faculty of Law, Integral University, Lucknow
Abstract : “Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance”
Kofi Annan
Gender-based discrimination and violence against women is a critical issue across the world. Even with, decades of progress, legal reforms, social movements, and increasing awareness, differences between the sexes continue in every sphere of life such as education, employment, family structures, political representation, cultural mores, and availability of opportunity. Among all these inequities there is a powerful, usually invisible force: the mindset of the society. These mindsets, formed over centuries by tradition, culture, religion, and social conditioning, go on to enforce stereotypes and unequal expectations for both men and women. To understand gender injustice thus requires looking at not only laws and institutions but also at the attitudes, beliefs, and biases people carry within themselves. This paper will explore the recent cases, incidents and conditions, which describe the present situation on gender injustice in the society. And also analyse the consequences of the gender inequality in the society. The aim of the paper is to identify the invisible barrier in the path of development and achieving a sustainable society. Despite worldwide efforts to address the problem, gender injustice continues to be an obstacle for women seeking equal opportunities in all aspects of life.
Keywords: Gender, Inequalities, Society, Social Problem
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 150-159
Gendered Narratives in Rape Reporting: Analysing Media Perceptions of Victims and Perpetrators
Author/s : Meena N, Doctoral Research Scholar, Department of Women’s Studies, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli &
Dr. Suba S, Professor, Department of Women’s Studies, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli
Abstract : Rape is one of the most rigorous violations of human rights. Media reporting on sexual assault and rape cases plays a vital role in shaping public perceptions. Medias held responsible for framing social events, shaping public opinion and contributing to societal narratives on sexual crimes and violence. However, media reporting on rape often reflects deep-rooted gendered stereotypes which perpetuate age long cultural norms and traditions, such as victim-blaming, patriarchy, and the minimization of perpetrator responsibility. Gendered narratives in rape news reporting reinforce rape culture, where victims predominantly women are blamed for the crime and their victimization, while perpetrators are excused or portrayed in a more sympathetic light. This paper examines the gendered narratives in print media reporting of institutional rape cases, focusing on high-profile recent incidents of the Kolkata Doctor rape case and Chennai, Anna University student rape case. These cases highlight the ways in which media outlets frame rape within the context of academic campus and the civic body, and discloses how gendered stereotypes and cultural biases enforce both victims and perpetrators to the larger public. The study critically analyses how media narratives in these specific cases reinforce harmful stereotypes as blame onto the victims and minimize the responsibility of the perpetrators, thereby perpetuating a culture of silence and inaction. This paper aims to identify and survey the patterns of victim-blaming in media coverage and to explore the influence of gendered media narratives on public perceptions of rape and institutional accountability.
Keywords: Rape, Human Rights, Gender, Media, Stereotype, Perpetrator, Victim
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 160-165
Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature (BEOS) Profiling: Admissibility, Evidentiary Value, and Challenges in the Indian Criminal Justice System
Author/s : Samriddhi Deshmukh, Criminology Postgraduate Scholar, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gujarat, India &
Ayushi Gupta, Postgraduate Student in Forensic Science, Government Holkar Science College, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract : Forensic practice in India has long grappled with the tension between scientific innovation and legal caution. Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature (BEOS) profiling sits precisely at this tension. Developed by C.R. Mukundan in 2003, BEOS records electroencephalographic responses to crime-specific stimuli to detect Experiential Knowledge which means memory traces that, theoretically, only someone directly involved in a criminal event would possess. It is not a lie detector. It is, more precisely, a memory detector.
Yet despite over two decades of use in Indian criminal investigations, BEOS remains poorly understood, inadequately resourced, and legally unsettled. This paper argues that the problem is not the technique, it is the system surrounding it.
Drawing on doctrinal legal analysis, forensic literature, judicial decisions including the landmark Selvi v. State of Karnataka (2010), and direct observational insights from a State Forensic Science Laboratory, this study examines BEOS profiling across three dimensions: its evidentiary admissibility under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023, its practical functioning within Indian forensic institutions, and the systemic challenges that compromise its credibility. Among the challenges examined are chronic understaffing, case backlogs, probe design dependency on Investigating officer inputs, and a largely undiscussed problem: the effect of time. In older pending cases, natural memory decay significantly complicates the elicitations and interpretation of experiential knowledge, raising serious questions about examination reliability that current protocols do not adequately address.
The paper concludes that BEOS, used with genuine informed consent and standardised procedure, holds real investigative value. What it needs is not abandonment but reform in training, institutional capacity, regulatory frameworks, and judicial understanding.
Keywords: Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature (BEOS), Experiential Knowledge, Forensic Neuroscience, Neuro-forensic Evidence, Legal admissibility
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 166-172
Caste, Gender, and Violence: A Study of Puthirai Vannan Women in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu
Author/s : M. Priya Chitra, Research Scholar, Department of Women’s Studies, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli &
Dr. S. Suba, Professor and Head, Department of Women’s Studies, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli
Abstract : Gender-based violence is a persistent and pervasive issue across developing countries. It refers to violence that occurs due to socially constructed gender roles and unequal power relations between men and women within a given society. Violence against women manifests in multiple forms, including female infanticide, child abuse, workplace harassment, domestic violence, dowry-related abuse, trafficking, restrictions on mobility, and sexual violence. In India, such violence is deeply rooted in patriarchal and caste-based social structures. Historically, the casteist patriarchal system has continued to reinforce control and domination over women through various forms of oppression.
Violence against women may be categorised as physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, social, intellectual, and economic violence. Existing studies on violence against women have largely focused on either the behavioural characteristics of offenders or the vulnerability of women to victimisation. Feminist scholars, however, emphasise the structural nature of violence and its roots in patriarchal and caste-based social systems. Violence is often reinforced through institutions such as family, caste, religion, media, peer groups, and the state.
The present paper specifically examines gender-based sexual violence experienced by women belonging to the Puthirai Vannan community, one of the most marginalised caste groups in Tamil Nadu. Although classified under the Scheduled Castes, the community continues to face severe exclusion and discrimination even from other Dalit caste groups. Through a detailed case study from Cuddalore District, this paper explores how caste-based patriarchy and masculinity intersect to produce sexual violence against a young Puthirai Vannan girl. The study highlights the continuing realities of caste oppression, gender discrimination, social exclusion, and institutional neglect experienced by women of this community.
Keywords: Puthirai Vannan, Marginalised Communities, Gender-Based Violence, Sexual Violence, Masculinity, Caste Patriarchy
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 173-177
Legal and Ethical Issues in Assisted Reproductive Technology: Contemporary Debates and Policy Concerns
Author/s : Shweta Chaurasia, Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Vedanta College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
Abstract : Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) has significantly emerged as one of the advanced medical inventions for humankind. This article situates the transformation of reproduction in contemporary times from a biological process to one heavily mediated by institutions, legal implications and social structures. The paper argues that the expansion of ART as a form of infertility treatment and biological parenthood often finds itself in the midst of legal complexities, ethical challenges and sociological concerns. This article adopts a qualitative approach to examine the socio-legal framework concerning ART and to explore broader sociological questions. The study draws on relevant secondary sources and legal and policy documents to thematically examine the intersection of reproductive justice, the commodification of reproduction, structural inequality, and technological interventions. Further, the study argues that the growing number of private fertility clinics has contributed to the commercialisation of reproduction within a capitalist system. The concept of surrogacy has made India a tourist hub for reproduction. The paper also explores the idea of how the concept of ‘stratified reproduction’ through class, sexuality, gender and socio-economic privileges excludes a certain section of society from access to healthcare. Lastly, the paper explores the ethical challenges of using ART and how it reinforces the idea of a heteronormative society that privileges biological kinship and motherhood. Thus, the paper sought to highlight that reproductive technology operates beyond ethical intentions and, alongside medical possibilities, reinforces social inequalities.
Keywords: Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART), Reproductive Justice, Stratified Reproduction, Commodification of Reproduction, Reproductive Inequality
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 178-183
Women's Safety in Public Places: A Study on College Students' Perspectives and Safety Mechanisms
Author/s : K. Karpagam, Research Scholar, Department of Women’s Studies, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli &
Dr. S. Suba, Professor and Head, Department of Women’s Studies, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli
Abstract : Every day, millions of women navigate public spaces under a cloud of anxiety wondering whether the bus ride home will be safe, whether lingering at a market stall invites unwanted attention, or whether a late-night walk is worth the risk. This study takes those lived anxieties seriously, exploring how college students tomorrow’s professionals and policymakers perceive women's safety in public spaces and the mechanisms that could protect it. Drawing on structured interviews with 50 purposively selected students, the research maps a sobering landscape: more than half (52%) believe women do not feel safe in public, nearly two-thirds (64%) have personally watched harassment unfold in front of them, and only 16% trust existing laws to keep women protected. Yet the findings carry real hope as well. Students rallied strongly behind self-defence training (60% calling it 'very important'), dedicated safety patrols (80% in support), and technology tools such as mobile safety apps. The paper argues that changing this reality demands more than legislation it requires institutional commitment, community education, and genuine empowerment of women in shared spaces.
Keywords: women's safety, public spaces, college students, gender-based harassment, safety mechanisms, India
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 184-189
Beyond the Rescue: Modernizing India’s Security Architecture Against Human Trafficking
Author/s : Mahendra Singh Rathore, Ph.D. Scholar, Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice, Jodhpur &
Dr. Sheetal Arora, Assistant Professor, Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice, Jodhpur &
Gopal Nath Karna, Ph.D. Scholar, Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice, Jodhpur
Abstract : Trafficking in persons has become a truly sophisticated, technologically advanced, and transnational crime that constantly takes advantage of socio-economic differences around the world. In India, a complex geographic picture, where a place can be both a source country, transit country and a destination country is facing these illegal syndicates at their frontline security forces. Combining available empirical information from law enforcement officers, the article assesses the functioning of the anti-trafficking setup in India, its effectiveness and its organizational shortcomings. This paper examines institutional motivation and capacity gaps from the ground level in order to emphasize the need for paradigm shift in the field. It builds the case for moving from crime fighting to an intelligence-driven, trauma-informed cyber-enabled trafficking dismantling approach, and giving the force a technological makeover.Human Trafficking, Anti-Human Trafficking, Security Forces, India
Keywords: Human Trafficking, Anti-Human Trafficking, Security Forces, India
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 190-193
The Social Reproduction of Domestic Violence: Societal Norms and Behaviour
Author/s : Swati Karal, Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, Central University of Haryana
Abstract : Domestic violence is often conceptualized as an act of abuse in physical and emotional form, sexual violence, and intimidation. The women across the world carry the overwhelming burden of domestic violence. The feminist scholars have emphasized that patterns of violence against women are closely tied to gendered norms, attitudes, and power relations. Drawing on the feminist theoretical framework the paper argues that domestic violence is not only an isolated act of aggression or stress rather is deeply embedded in the social structures of the society. The social contexts, are located within the dynamics of caste hierarchies, patriarchal norms, familial expectations, and cultural values often shaping the occurrence and acceptance of violence. The study draws on the empirical piece of evidences collected from field-based narratives in Haryana, determining how violence is internalized, normalized and legitimized in the society. The study argues that violence does not appear all of a sudden rather is reinforced by the daily patterns of behaviour regulation and negotiation including restrictions on mobility, economic control, exclusion from decision-making and strict surveillance by the community. The study concludes that persistence of domestic violence is neither due to the lack of legal framework nor in its implementation but because it is a socially and culturally embedded phenomena within normative structures of the society.
Keywords: Patriarchy, social norms, violence, honour, caste
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 194-199
Infant and Child Health in India: Problems and Challenges
Author/s : Dr. MS Dawngliana Hnamte, Associate Professor, Dept. of Economics, Govt. Mamit College, Mamit, Mizoram
Abstract : Infant and child health is a vital measure of socio-economic development and public health of a country. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is a broad and comparable source of information about mortality, nutrition, immunization and maternal-child health services in India over time. While recent survey rounds (NFHS-4 (2015-16); NFHS-5 (2019-21)) reveal some noteworthy gains with respect to mortality indicators and service coverage, the issue of malnutrition, anaemia and socio-economic inequality continues to challenge the country. This article brings together evidence from the NFHS to explore trends, determinants and regional variation in infant and child health in India, and policy implications.
Methodology
The study is purely of secondary data. It is based on data collected from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 1- 5 of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, various books, reports and articles from journals and news papers.
Keywords: National Family Health Survey, Infant Mortality Rate, child malnutrition, maternal and child health, immunization
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 200-204
Architectures of Social Peace: Structural Justice in Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Politics
Author/s : Shiva Kumari , Researcher, University of Delhi
Abstract : This article examines the concept of social peace in the political thought of Plato and Aristotle. Rather than understanding peace merely as the absence of conflict, both philosophers viewed it as a condition rooted in justice and institutional organization. Focusing on the foundational paradigm shift from teacher to student, through a comparative analysis of Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Politics, the study explores two distinct models of political order. Plato associates peace with unity, functional specialization, and hierarchical harmony, whereas Aristotle emphasizes pluralism, proportional equality, constitutional balance, and the stabilizing role of the middle class. The article argues that although both thinkers considered justice essential for political stability, they differed fundamentally in their understanding of diversity, political organization, and the management of social conflict. By comparing these approaches, the study highlights two enduring traditions within classical political theory: one centered on moral unity and the other on institutional moderation and civic participation.
Keywords: Structural Justice, Social Peace, Plato, Aristotle, Political stability, Classical Political Thought
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 205-211
Influence Without Licence: Finfluencers, Market Persuasion and the Crisis of Regulatory Boundaries in the Indian Securities Law
Author/s : Dr. Garima Goswami, Assistant Professor of Law, Gujarat National Law University
Abstract : Today, social media and digital platforms play a major role in shaping people's financial decisions, changing the way investment advice is delivered and received. The growing presence of finfluencers in India has transformed the way retail investor’s access financial information. Through short videos, live sessions, social media posts and online groups, they significantly influence how people make investment decisions. While some finfluencers contribute to financial literacy, a substantial segment performs functions indistinguishable from regulated investment advice or securities promotion often without registration, fiduciary accountability or disclosure of conflicts of interest. This development challenges the core assumptions of securities regulation, which historically relied on licensing, institutional intermediation and formal disclosure to manage investor risk. Between 2023 and 2025, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) responded with a structural regulatory strategy that reframes finfluencer misconduct not as a problem of speech, but as a problem of unaccountable influence enabled by regulated market institutions. By restricting associations between SEBI-regulated entities and persons engaged in unregistered advice or unauthorised performance claims, SEBI sought to realign the regulatory perimeter with contemporary market realities.
This article looks at the rise of finfluencers in India and the challenges they create for securities regulation. It examines the existing legal framework, evaluates SEBI's efforts to regulate financial content on digital platforms and considers whether these measures are effective by drawing lessons from international practices. The article argues that finfluencer regulation represents a paradigmatic shift from transaction-centric oversight to ecosystem governance, marking an important evolution in investor protection in the digital age.
Keywords: Finfluencers, Investor Protection, Securities Regulation, Digital Platforms, intermediaries
Issue & Page No. : Vol. No. 13, Issue 2, April-June 2026, pp. 212-223
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